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| 2008年10月高等教育自学考试英语写作常识 |
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更新时间：2008-7-21 11:16:39 |
第二部分：写作常识
一、图形种类及概述法：
泛指一份数据图表：a data graph/chart/diagram/illustration/table
饼图：pie chart
直方图或柱形图：bar chart/histogram
趋势曲线图：line chart/curve diagram
表格图：table
流程图或过程图：flow chart/sequence diagram
程序图：processing/procedures diagram
以下是一些较常用的描述用法
The table/chart diagram/graph shows (that)
According to the table/chart diagram/graph
As (is) shown in the table/chart diagram/graph
As can be seen from the table/chart/diagram/graph/figures，
figures/statistics shows (that)……
It can be seen from the figures/statistics
We can see from the figures/statistics
It is clear from the figures/statistics
It is apparent from the figures/statistics
table/chart/diagram/graph figures (that) ……
table/chart/diagram/graph shows/describes/illustrates how
二、data的具体表达法
data在某一个时间段固定不变：fixed in time
在一系列的时间段中转变：changes over time
持续变化的data在不同情况下：
增加：increase/raise/rise/go up ……
减少：decrease/grow down/drop/fall ……
波动：fluctuate/rebound/undulate/wave ……
稳定：remain stable/stabilize/level off ……
最常用的两种表达法：
动词 + 副词形式(Verb+Adverb form)
形容词 + 名词形式(Adjective+Noun form)
1. Verb+Adverb form
The number of XXX
+increase/jump/rise/decrease/drop/fall/fluctuate……
+insignificantly/significantly/slightly/suddenly/rapidly/dramatically/sharply/steeply/steadily/gradually/slowly……
+from (第一时间) to (第二时间)/between (第一时间) and (第二时间)
2. Adjective+Noun form
There was a (very) sudden/rapid/dramatic/significant/sharp/steep/steady/gradual/slow/slight
+increase/jump/rise/decrease/drop/fall/fluctuation (注意：上述很多词不可用于修饰fluctuation)
+in the number of XXX from (第一时间) to (第二时间)/between (第一时间) and (第二时间)
描述稳定的data：
The number of XXX remained steady/stable from (第一时间) to (第二时间)/between (第一时间) and (第二时间)
The number of XXX stayed the same from (第一时间) to (第二时间)/between (第一时间) and (第二时间)
There was little change/hardly any change/no change in the number of XXX from from (第一时间) to (第二时间)/between (第一时间) and (第二时间)
描述不同状态的data
Noun form：
steady drop/sharp rise peak/dramatic fall/sharp drop
Verbal form：
(to) bottom out/(to) reach the bottom/(to) increase gradually/(to) reach a plateau/(to) remain steady
描述the highest point以及the lowest point
高点极值：
The monthly profit/The figures/The situation ……
+peaked in (月份/年) <准确时间点用at XXX> at XXX%/XXX(极点data)
或者reached a peak/a high point at XXX%/XXX(极点data)
低点极值：
XXX bottomed out/reached
+rock/the bottom/a low point
或者hit a trough
此外，在描述过程中还有很多的conjunctional words/sentences，最常用的固定搭配如下：
并列： as well as(句首/中)， also， as well(句尾)， either， neither， too， moreover， furthermore， in addition， additionally， besides， what’s more， apart from ……
举例： for example， for instance， to illustrate， as an illustration， in particular， particularly， especially
事实： as a matter of fact， in fact， actually， as long as， so long as ……
雷同/近似：similarly， likewise(句首/尾)， at the same time， equally ……
转折： however， whereas， nevertheless， nonetheless， though， although， even though， while， yet， on the contrary， contrarily， in contrast， conversely， on the other hand， unlikely， in stead (of)， in spite of， despite of ……
原因与结果
1. cause-suggestion (几乎不常用)
since/now that ……； I hope that……
because of/on account of/owing to/thanks to + (doing) sth， I hope that……
2. cause-effect (较常用)
XXX lead to/bring about/result in/ account for ……
(一个句子)， therefore/thus/hence/as a result/consequently/(and) so ……
3. effect-cause (较常用)
XXX be caused by/result from/be the result of/be the effect of/be the consequence of ……
(一个句子)， because ……
it is adj. that ……
it is unimaginable that ……
it is undeniable that ……
it is interesting to discover that ……
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